Healthcare and Nursing Education Research Studies

Finding, Writing & Submitting Grant Proposals

Ackerman-Barger, K., Boatright, D., Gonzalez-Colaso, R., Orozco, R., & Latimore, D. (2020). Seeking inclusion excellence: Understanding racial microaggressions as experienced by underrepresented medical and nursing students. Academic Medicine. doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003077

Adams, V. W., & Price-Lea, P. J. (2004). A critical need for a more diverse nursing workforce. North Carolina Medical Journal, 65(2), 98-100. 

Allen, A., Scott, L. M., & Lewis, C. W. (2013). Racial microaggressions and African American and Hispanic students in urban schools: A call for culturally affirming education. Interdisciplinary Journal of Teaching and Learning, 3(2), 117-129.

American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2017). The changing landscape: Nursing student diversity on the rise. Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/diversity-in-nursing

Aronson, J., Burgess, D., Phelan, S. M., & Juarez, L. (2013). Unhealthy interactions: The role of stereotype threat in health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 103(1), 50-56. 

Assari, S., & Lankarani, M. M. (2017). Discrimination and psychological distress: Gender differences among Arab Americans. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 23. 

doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00023

Beard KV, J. W. (2016). Does race still matter in nursing? The narratives of African-American nursing faculty members. Nursing Outlook, 64(6), 583-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2016.06.005

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Blustein, D. L., Chaves, A. P., Diemer, M. A., Gallagher, L. A., Marshall, K. G., Sirin, S., & Bhati, K. S. (2002). Voices of the forgotten half: The role of social class in the school-to-work transition. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 311-323. doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.311

Borresen, K. (2020). 13 microaggressions Black people deal with all the time. Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/microaggressions-black-people-deal-with_l_5ee8ffa9c5b6fe2600260ec8

Brady, M. S., & Sherrod, D. R. (2003). Retaining men in nursing programs designed for women. Journal of Nursing Education, 42(4), 159-162. 

Bronwynne, E. C. (2007). Student perceptions: The influence of a nursing workforce diversity grant on retention. Journal of Nursing Education, 46(8), 354-359. 

Brown, T. N., Williams, D. R., Jackson, J. S., Neighbors, H. W., Torres, M., Sellers, S. L., & Brown, K. T. (2000). “Being Black and feeling blue”: The mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Race and Society, 2(2), 117-131.

Burgess, D. J., Warren, J., Phelan, S., Dovidio, J., & Van Ryn, M. (2010). Stereotype threat and health disparities: What medical educators and future physicians need to know. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(2), 169-177. 

Campaign for Action. (2018). Increasing diversity in nursing—Goal and impact.  https://campaignforaction.org/issue/increasing-diversity-in-nursing/

CANVA PRO INFOGRAPHICS. You don’t need design skills to make stunning creations. 100+ design types for branded images, social media posts, presentations, logos, designer letters, and more. Free pre-designed Templates with new designs daily. 75+ million premium stock photos, videos, audio and graphics free-to-use. With Canva Pro, you get everything you need to design like a professional. Schedule social media content for Instagram Stories, Pinterest Graphics, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Tumblr. Time-saving, money-making, life-changing tools. As a brand or business, you want your website to be the hub of your online presence, and you want people to easily be able to pin your blog posts and page content to their own Pinterest boards. Whether you want to point users back to a blog post, or simply get them to save an inspirational quote, Canva has thousands of graphics in various shapes and sizes that will allow you to create a design that stands out. Using templates will save you a lot of time. To make remote, real-time design collaboration even more accessible, Canva Pro Teams enables five team members to collaborate, all for the price of a single subscription. 

Caplan, P. J., & Ford, J. C. (2014) The voices of diversity: What students of diverse races/ ethnicities and both sexes tell us about their college experiences and their perceptions about their institutions’ progress toward diversity. Aporia, 6(3), 30-69. 

Cheng, K. C. (2008). Demystifying skin color and “race.” In R. E. Hall (Ed.), Racism in the 21st century (pp. 3-23). Springer.

Childs, G., Jones, R., Nugent, K., & Cook, P. (2004). Retention of African-American students in baccalaureate nursing programs: Are we doing enough? Journal of Professional Nursing, 20(2), 129-133. doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2004.03.002

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Cross, S., Gon, G., Morrison, E., Afsana, K., Ali, S. M., Manjang, T., Manneh, L., Rahman, A., Saxena, D., Vora, K., & Graham, W. J. (2019). An invisible workforce: The neglected role of cleaners in patient safety on maternity units. Global Health Action, 12(1), 1480085. doi:10.1080/16549716.2018.1480085

Davis, M., Dias-Bowie, Y., Greenberg, K., Klukken, G., Pollio, H. R., Thomas, S. P., & Thompson, C. L. (2004). “A fly in the buttermilk”: Descriptions of university life by successful Black undergraduate students at a predominately White southeastern university. The Journal of Higher Education, 75(4), 420-445. 

Degazon, C. E., & Mancha, C. (2012). Changing the face of nursing: Reducing ethnic and racial disparities in health. Family & Community Health, 35(1), 5-14. doi:10.1097/FCH.0b013e3182385cf6

Dehon, E., Weiss, N., Jones, J., Faulconer, W., Hinton, E., & Sterling, S. (2017). A systematic review of the impact of physician implicit racial bias on clinical decision making. Academic Emergency Medicine, 24(8), 895-904. doi:10.1111/acem.13214

De Luce, I., Court, E., & Hoff, M. (2020). How much everyone makes in a hospital. Business Insider, November 17. https://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-everyone-makes-in-a-hospital-2019-5

Dempsey, K., Ching, J., & Page, U. (2016). When colorblindness hurts: Cultural competence implications for counselors-in-training. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 4(7), 101-108. doi:1011114/ijsss.v4i7.1671 

Dennis, J. M., Phinney, J. S., & Chuateco, L. I. (2018). The role of motivation, parental support, and peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority first-generation college students. Journal of College Student Development, 46(3), 223-236. doi:10.1353/csd.2005.0023

Deslatte, M. (2020). Louisiana data: Virus hits lacks, people with hypertension. U.S. News, 7 April. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/louisiana/articles/2020-04-07/louisiana-data-virus-hits-blacks-people-with-hypertension

Durand, T. M. (2011). Latina mothers’ cultural beliefs about their children, parental roles, and education: Implications for effective and empowering home-school partnerships. Urban Review: Issues and Ideas in Public Education, 43(2), 255-278. doi:10.1007/s11256-0100167-5

Ellis, J. M., Powell, C. S., Demetriou, C. P., Huerta-Bapat, C., & Panter, A. T. (2019). Examining first-generation college student lived experiences with microaggressions and microaffirmations at a predominately White public research university. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(2), 266-279. doi:10.1037/cdp0000198

Espaillat, A., Panna, D. K., Goede, D. L., Gurka, M. J., Novak, M. A., & Zaidi, Z. (2019). An exploratory study on microaggressions in medical school: What are they and why should we care? Perspectives on Medical Education, 8(3), 143-151. doi:10.1007/s40037-019-0516-3

Eyre, D. W., Lumley, S. F., O’Donnell, D., Campbell, M., Sims, E., Lawson, E., Warren, F., James, T., Cox, S., Howarth, A., Doherty, G., Hatch, S. B., Kavanagh, J., Chau, K. K., Fowler, P. W., Swann, J., Volk, D., Yang-Turner, F., Stoesser, N., Matthews, P. C., Dudareva, M., Davies, T., Shaw, R. H., Peto, L., Down, L. O. et al. (2020). Differential occupational risks to healthcare workers from SARS-CoV-2 observed during a prospective observational study. Elife, 9, e60675. doi:10.7554/eLife.60675

Fiscella, K., & Sanders, M. R. (2016). Racial and ethnic disparities in the quality of health care. Annual Review of Public Health, 37(1), 375-394. doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021439

FRESHLY.  It's easy to eat right when everything is done for you. Freshly chefs do all the meal prep and cooking for you so all you have to do is heat up each fresh, nutritious meal in minutes. Pick weekly meals that match your needs from a menu of 30+ nutritious dishes. No prep required. Your meals are cooked by chefs and sent to you fresh. Meals are delivered to the continental U.S. 

Gaddis, S. M. (2015). Discrimination in the credential society: An audit study of race and college selectivity in the labor market. Social Forces, 93(4), 1451-1479. doi:10.1093/sf/sou111

Garcia, A. N., Kuo, T., Arangua, L., & Perez-Stable, E. J. (2018). Factors associated with medical school graduates’ intention to work with underserved populations: Policy implications for advancing workforce diversity. Academic Medicine, 93(1), 82-89. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001917 

Gardner, J. (2005). Barriers influencing the success of racial and ethnic minority students in nursing programs. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 16(2), 155-162. doi.org/10.1177/1043659604273546

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Gilchrist, K. L., & Rector, C. (2007). Can you keep them? Strategies to attract and retain nursing students from diverse populations: Best practices in nursing education. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(3), 277-285.  https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1043659607301305

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Gona, C., Pusey-Reid, E., Lussier-Duynstee, P., & Gall, G. (2019). The experiences of Black nursing alumni at a predominatly White institution. Nurse Educator, 44(6), 312-315. 

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Hardaway, C. R., & McLoyd, V. C. (2009). Escaping poverty and securing middle class status: How race and socioeconomic status shape mobility prospects for African Americans during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 38(2009), 242-256. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9354-z 

Harper, S. R., & Nichols, A. H. (2008). Are they not all the same? Racial heterogeneity among Black male undergraduates. Journal of College Student Development, 49(3), 199-214. doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0003 

Hatcher, S. M., Agnew-Brune, C., Anderson, M., Zambrano, L. D., Rose, C. E., Jim, M. A., Baugher, A., Liu, G. S., Patel, S. V., Evans, M. E. Pindyck, T., Dubray, C. L., Rainey, J. J., Chen, J., Sadowski, C., Winglee, K., Penman-Aguilar, A., Dixit, A., Claw, E., Parshall, C., Provost, E., Ayala, A., Gonzalez, G., Ritchie, J. et al. (2020). COVID-19 among American Indian and Alaska Native persons—23 states, January 31–July 3, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(34), 1166-1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6934e1

Institute of Medicine. (2002). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. The National Academies Press.

Institute of Medicine. (2004). In the nation's compelling interest: Ensuring diversity in the health-care workforce. In B. D. Smedley, A. Stith Butler, & L. R. Bristow (Eds.), In the nation's compelling interest: Ensuring diversity in the health-care force. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10885

Institute of Medicine. (2010). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. The National Academies Press.

Jackson, C. S., & Gracia, J. N. (2014). Addressing health and health-care disparities: The role of a diverse workforce and the social determinants of health. Public Health Reports, 2(2014), 57-61. doi:10.1177/00333549141291S211

Johnson, T. J., Ellison, A. M., Dalembert, G., Fowler, J., Dhingra, M., Shaw, K., & Ibrahim, S. (2017). Implicit bias in pediatric academic medicine. Journal of the National Medical Association, 109(3), 156-163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2017.03.003

Jones, C. B., Toles, M., Knafl, G. J., & Beeber, A. S. (2018). An untapped resource in the nursing workforce: Licensed practical nurses who transition to become registered nurses. Nursing Outlook, 66(2018), 46-55. doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2017.07.007

Jors, K., Tietgen, S., Xander, C., Momm, F., & Becker, G. (2017). Tidying rooms and tending hearts: An explorative, mixed-methods study of hospital cleaning staff’s experiences with seriously ill and dying patients. Palliative Medicine, 31(1), 63-71. doi:10.1177/0269216316648071

Joseph, M. L., & Huber, D. L. (2015). Clinical leadership development and education for nurses: Prospects and opportunities. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 7, 55-64. doi:10.2147/jhl.S68071

Katz, J. R., Barbosa-Leiker, C., & Benavides-Vaello, S. (2016). Measuring the success of a pipeline program to increase nursing workforce diversity. Journal of Professional Nursing, 32(1), 6-14. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2015.05.003

Kay, E. S., Lacombe-Duncan, A., & Pinto, R. M. (2019). Predicting Retention in HIV Primary Care: Is There a Missed Visits Continuum Based on Patient Characteristics? AIDS & Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02508-6

Kay, E. S., & Pinto, R. M. (2020). Individual Insurance as a Barrier to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). American Journal of Public Health, 110(1), 61-64. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305389

Khan, N. R., Taylor, C. M., 2nd, & Rialon, K. L. (2019). Resident perspectives on the current state of diversity in graduate medical education. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 11(2), 241-243. doi:10.4300/jgme-d-19-00062.1

Kim, P. Y., Kendall, D. L., & Cheon, H. S. (2017). Racial microaggressions, cultural mistrust, and mental health outcomes among Asian American college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(6), 663-670. doi:10.1037/ort0000203

King, W. D., Wong, M. D., Shapiro, M. F., Landon, B. E., & Cunningham, W. E. (2004). Does racial concordance between HIV-positive patients and their physicians affect the time to receipt of protease inhibitors? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19(11), 1146-1153. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30443.x

Kington, R., Tisnado, D., & Carlisle, D. M. (2001). Increasing racial and ethnic diversity among physicians: An intervention to address health disparities. In B. D. Smedley, A. Y. Stith, L. Colburn et al. The right thing to do, the smart thing to do: Enhancing diversity in the health professions: Summary of the Symposium on Diversity in Health Professions in honor of Herbert W. Nickens, M.D. (pp. 57-75). National Academies Press.

Koizumi, N., Rothbard, A. B., Smith, T. E., & Mayer, J. D. (2011). Communities of color? Client-to-client racial concordance in the selection of mental health programs for Caucasians and African Americans. Health Care Management Science, 14(4), 314-323. doi:10.1007/s10729-011-9164-9

Koloroutis, M., & Trout, M. (2012). See me as a person: Creating therapeutic relationships with patients and their families. Creative Health Care Management

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Liu, Y. (2010). Nurses’ work role in the context of gender and Chinese culture: An online forum study. Journal of Nursing Research, 18(2), 117-124.

Longmire-Avital, B., & McQueen, C. (2019). Exploring a relationship between race-related stress and emotional eating for collegiate Black American women. Women & Health, 59(3), 240-251. doi:10.1080/03630242.2018.1478361

Marrast, L. M., Zallman, L., Woolhandler, S., Bor, D. H., & McCormick, D. (2014). Minority physicians’ role in the care of underserved patients: Diversifying the physician workforce may be key in addressing health disparities. The Journal of the American Medical Association: Internal Medicine, 174(2), 289–291. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12756

Meghani, S. H., Brooks, J. M., Gipson-Jones, T., Waite, R., Whitfield-Harris, L., & Deatrick, J. A. (2009). Patient–provider race-concordance: Does it matter in improving minority patients’ health outcomes? Ethnicity & Health, 14(1), 107-130. 

Melendez, R. M.,& Pinto, R. M. (2015). ‘It’s a Really Hard Life:’ Love, Gender, and HIV Risk Among Male-to-Female Transgender Persons. In P. Aggleton, R. Parker, and F. Thomas (Eds.), Culture, Health and Sexuality (pp. 112-124). London and New York: Routledge. 

Murdoch-Kinch, C. A., Duff, R. E., Ramaswamy, V., Ester, T. V., Sponseller, S. A., & Seeley, J. A. (2017). Climate study of the learning environment for faculty, staff, and students at a U.S. dental school: Foundation for cultural change. Journal of Dental Education, 81(10), 1153-1163. doi:10.21815/jde.017.073

Muronda, V. C. (2016). The culturally diverse nursing student: A review of the literature. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 27(4), 400-412. doi:10.1177/1043659615595867

Murray, T. A. (2015). Culture and climate: Factors that influence the academic success of African American students in prelicensure nursing education. The Journal of Nursing Education, 54(12), 704-707. doi:10.3928/01484834-20151110-07

Murray, T. A., Pole, D. C., Ciarlo, E. M., & Holmes, S. (2016). A nursing workforce diversity project: Strategies for recruitment, retention, graduation, and NCLEX-RN success. Nursing Education Perspectives, 37(3), 138-143. doi:10.5480/14-1480

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Framing the dialogue on race and ethnicity to advance health equities: Proceedings of a workshop. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23576/framing-the-dialogue-on-race-and-ethnicity-to-advance-health-equity

Nielsen, A., Stuart, L. A., & Gorman, D. (2014). Confronting the cultural challenge of the whiteness of nursing: Aboriginal registered nurses’ perspectives. Contemporary Nurse, 48(2), 190-196. doi:10.1080/10376178.2014.11081940

Niemann, Y. F. (2001). Stereotypes about Chicanas and Chicanos: Implications for counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 29(1), 55-90. doi.org/10.1177/0011000001291003

Niemann, Y. F., Romero, A., & Arbona, C. (2000). Effects of cultural orientation on the perception of conflict between relationship and educational goals for Mexican American college students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 22(1), 46-63.

Nivet, M. A., & Fair, M. (2016). Defining diversity in quality care. In M. L. Martin, S. Heron, Moreno-Walton, L., & Jones, A. W. (Eds.), Diversity and inclusion in quality patient care. (pp. 3-10). Springer International Publishing.

Noltemeyer, A. L., Mujic, J., & McLoughlin, C. S. (2012). Disproportionality in education and special education: A guide to creating more equitable learning environments. Charles C. Thomas Publisher Ltd.

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O'Keefe, V. M., Wingate, L. R., Cole, A. B., Hollingsworth, D. W., & Tucker, R. P. (2015). Seemingly harmless racial communications are not so harmless: Racial microaggressions lead to suicidal ideation by way of depression symptoms. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 45(5), 567-576. 

Ong, A. D., Burrow, A. L., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., Ja, N. M., & Sue, D. W. (2013). Racial microaggressions and daily well-being among Asian Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 188-199. doi:10.1037/a0031736

Osseo-Asare, A., Balasuriya, L., Huot, S. J., Keene, D., Berg, D., Nunez-Smith, M., Genao, I., Latimore, D., & Boatright, D. (2018). Minority resident physicians' views on the role of race/ethnicity in their experiences in the workplace. JAMA Network Open, 1(5), e182723. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2723

Pager, D., & Shepard, H. (2008). The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 181–209. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131740

Payton, T. D., Howe, L. A., Timmons, S. M., & Richardson, E. M. (2013). African American nursing students’ perceptions about mentoring. Nursing Education Perspectives, 34(3), 173-177. 

Penman-Aguilar, A., Talih, M., Huang, D., Moonesinghe, R., Bouye, K., & Beckles, G. (2016). Measurement of health disparities, health inequities, and social determinants of health to support the advancement of health equity. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice: JPHMP, 22(Suppl 1), S33. 

Periyakoil, V. S., Chaudron, L., Hill, E. V., Pellegrini, V., Neri, E., & Kraemer, H. C. (2019). Common types of gender-based microaggressions in medicine. Academic Medicine. doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003057

Peske, H. G., & Haycock, K. (2006). Teaching inequality: How poor and minority students are shortchanged on teacher quality. Education Trust.

Phillips, J. M., & Malone, B. (2014). Increasing racial/ethnic diversity in nursing to reduce health disparities and achieve health equity. Public Health Reports, 129(2), 45-50. doi.org/10.1177/00333549141291S209

Pinto R. M. & Park, S. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupts HIV Continuum of Care and Prevention: Implications for Research and Practice Concerning Community-Based Organizations and Frontline Providers. AIDS and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02893-3

Pinto, R. M., Rodriguez, S., Spector, A. Y, Choi, J., Martinez, O., & Wall, M. (2014). HIV Practitioners in Madrid and New York Improving Inclusion of Underrepresented Populations in Research. Health Promotion International, 30, 3, 695-705.  

Pinto, R. M., Witte, S., Filippone, P., Wall, M., & Choi, J. (2018). Policy Interventions Shaping HIV Prevention: Providers’ Active Role in the HIV Continuum of Care. Health Education & Behavior, 45, 714-722. doi.org/10.1177/1090198118760681

Poghosyan, L., & Carthon, J. M. B. (2017). The untapped potential of the nurse practitioner workforce in reducing health disparities. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 18(2), 84-94. doi:10.1177/1527154417721189

Popovich, N. G., Okorie-Awe, C., Crawford, S. Y., Balcazar, F. E., Vellurattil, R. P., Moore, T. W., & Schriever, A. E. (2018). Assessing students' impressions of the cultural awareness of pharmacy faculty and students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 82(1), 6161. doi:10.5688/ajpe6161

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Pulliam, N., Sasso, P. A., Paone, T. R., & Maldonado, J. (2016). Reducing systemic racism: Movements toward change in higher education. In R. Stead (Ed.), RIP Jim Crow: Fighting racism through higher education policy (pp. 129-148). Peter Lang Publishing.

Puzan, E. (2003). The unbearable whiteness of being (in nursing). Nursing Inquiry, 10(3), 193–200. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1800.2003.00180.x.

Ratcliffe, C., & Kernan, S. (2013). Forever in your debt: Who has student loan debt, and who’s worried? Urban Institute. http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412849-Forever-in-Your-Debt-Who-Has-Student-Loan-Debt-and-Whos-Worried.pdf

Sanchez, D., Adams, W. N., Arango, S. C., & Flannigan, A. E. (2018). Racial-ethnic microaggressions, coping strategies, and mental health in Asian American and Latinx American college students: A mediation model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(2), 214-225. doi:10.1037/cou0000249

Schroeder, C., & DiAngelo, R. (2010). Addressing whiteness in nursing education: The
sociopolitical climate project at the University of Washington School of Nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 33(3), 244-255. doi:10.1097/ANS.0b013e3181eb41cf

Seago, J. A., Spetz, J., Chapman, S., & Dyer, W. (2006). Can the use of LPNs alleviate the nursing shortage? American Journal of Nursing, 106(7), 40-49. 

Sensoy, O., & DiAngelo, R. (2017). Is everyone really equal?: An introduction to key concepts in social justice education. Teachers College Press.

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Shapiro, T. M. (2004). The hidden cost of being African American: How wealth perpetuates inequality.Oxford University Press

Shen, M. J., Peterson, E. B., Costas-Muniz, R., Hernandez, M. H., Jewell, S. T., Matsoukas, K., & Bylund, C. L. (2018). The effects of race and racial concordance on patient-physician communication: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 5(1), 117-140. doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0350-4

Smith, W. A., Hung, M., & Franklin, J. D. (2012). Between hope and racial battle fatigue: African American men and race-related stress. Journal of Black Masculinity, 2(1), 35-58. 

Spring, J. (2007). Deculturalization and the struggle for equality: A brief history of the education of dominated cultures in United States (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Steele, C. M. (2011). Whistling vivaldi: How stereotypes affect us and what we can do (issues of our time). W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 

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